Luxembourg

Luxembourg, in long form the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg or Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (in Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg and Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, in German: Luxemburg and Großherzogtum Luxemburg), is a country in Western Europe without access to the sea. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. It includes two main regions: Oesling (Éislek in Luxembourgish) to the north, which is part of the Ardennes massif, and Gutland to the south, an extension of Lorraine in the geological sense of the term. Luxembourg has 681,973 inhabitants as of January 1, 2025, and covers 2,586 km2, making it one of the smallest sovereign nations in Europe.
Luxembourg is a representative democracy and a constitutional monarchy with a Grand Duke as head of state, leading the only Grand Duchy still existing as a sovereign state in the world. Its dynamic economy makes it one of the richest and most prosperous countries in the world, with one of the highest GDPs per capita. Historically dependent on a powerful steel industry, its economy is now primarily focused on financial activities (approximately half of the GDP), boosted by very favorable tax policies in certain sectors (near-total tax exemption for profits derived from the exploitation of patents or software). According to the NGO Oxfam, Luxembourg was among the "most attractive tax havens used by companies" in 2017, a situation that has changed somewhat since then.
The central location of Luxembourg territory in the middle of the highest population density in Europe has historically made it a place of great strategic importance for many powers, from its beginnings as the hinterland of the Roman Rhineland, and the construction, on the ruins of an old Roman fort, of a feudal castle, in the post-Carolingian context of the High Middle Ages, then its strategic location to the southeast of the great Low Countries, successively Burgundian and Spanish between the 15th and 17th centuries.
Luxembourg is the smallest founding member of the European Union, the Eurozone, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the Benelux countries, reflecting its political consensus in favor of economic, political, and military integration. Luxembourg City, its capital and largest city, is home to several European Union institutions and organizations.
In 2012, Luxembourg was elected for the first time in its history to a temporary seat on the United Nations Security Council. Due to its geographical location, Luxembourgish culture falls within both the Germanic and Romance language spheres. Luxembourgish is the sole national language of the country and of the Luxembourgers. However, in addition to Luxembourgish, French and German are also used in all administrative and judicial matters, making them administrative languages ​​of Luxembourg. Therefore, Luxembourg is considered a trilingual country.

Source: Wikipedia